Completing the first heavy-ion run in five years, it was the turn of lead ion beams to be accelerated and to deliver collisions to the experiments. The nuclei collided with an increased energy of 5.36 [...] Universe up to a millionth of a second after the Big Bang and can be recreated in the laboratory in heavy-ion collisions. Quark-gluon plasma is a state of matter made of free quarks (particles that make up hadrons [...] the most extreme conditions, quarks cannot exist individually and are bound inside hadrons. In heavy-ion collisions however, hundreds of protons and neutrons collide, forming a system with such density and

field strengths and light atoms and ions, where perturbation methods can be efficiently implemented in the QED calculations. In the regime of extreme fields of heavy ions, the QED calculations enter a qu [...] reached for light atoms. New tests are required, in particular in the regime of extreme fields of heavy ions, where QED effects are greatly enhanced due to the extremely strong electromagnetic field of the heavy [...] laser fields available nowadays. GSI/FAIR is at present the unique place worldwide where the heaviest ions in any desired charge-state can be produced with subsequent acceleration and stripping, followed by

Utilisation Guideline of the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research mbH Utilisation Guideline of the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research mbH In order to fulfil its social mission and the purpose

lung cancer. For the first time, mixed ion beams will enable simultaneous treatment and image guidance. Carbon ions deliver the dose to the target, while helium ions, accelerated simultaneously to the same [...] therefore not be treated precisely with the heavy ion beam for a long time. However, it is precisely these tumors that could benefit greatly from heavy ion therapy. Precision in new ways New methods studied [...] The first patients were treated with heavy ions 25 years ago – whereas therapy was long limited to the head and pelvis, today tumors in the upper body, for example in the lungs, liver and pancreas, can

while injected intramuscularly. The ion-beam therapy The tumor therapy with heavy ions developed at GSI provides high precision in the administration of the dose: the ions develop their damaging effect at [...] y. The question now was which effects are caused by carbon ion radiotherapy in combination with immunotherapy and which potential carbon ion radiotherapy has for tumor growth inhibition. The two GSI/FAIR [...] heavy ion radiation could be a powerful tool in the fight against cancer.” TRON's and GSI/FAIR’s research is still a glance into the future. “The findings have given a first orientation that heavy ion ra

research potential of GSI and FAIR’s facilities, they aim to produce ion beams of worldwide unique intensity. The maximum number of ions per bunch is limited by the electromagnetic fields they generate, known [...] that the electrons overlap with the ion bunches circulating in the accelerator ring. Since electrons are negatively charged in contrast to the positively charged ions, their electromagnetic fields can be [...] potential of pulsed electron lenses to significantly increase the highest achievable intensities of heavy-ion beam ring accelerators. This novel space-charge compensation technique is pioneered at GSI/FAIR, where

range from “simple” hydrogen ions to ions of uranium, the heaviest of all the stable elements occurring on earth. GSI’s area of special expertise is heavy ions. The type of ions produced, and their charge [...] experiments. The scientists decide whether they require a large number of ions, highly charged ions or very fast ions. Ions are generated in plasma © Photo: G. Otto / GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schweri [...] experiments with different ions can be conducted in parallel but also different methods can be employed to vary beam properties. Distinguished are ion sources that produce highly charged ions and high intensities

orschung MUCIS source The so-called ion sources are the devices where the ions are generated. Ions are charged atoms. The positively charged ions used at GSI are gained by stripping electrons off the shell [...] Ion sources © Foto: J. Hosan/GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH View inside a high voltage cage, where the ion source is located © Foto: G. Otto / GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung [...] the atom. GSI is able to produce ions of many different kinds of elements, more than any other laboratory in the world. Depending on the element different types of ion sources are used. More information

research in conjunction with GSI’s large ion-beam accelerator system. To date at GSI, ion-beam radiotherapy has been used to treat more than 440 patients for tumors in the head or neck region. Currently the [...] new treatment modality is that the ion beam selectively damages tumor tissues while sparing the surrounding healthy tissues. Information about cancer therapy with ion beams: New avenues in radiation therapy [...] Ion-Beam Radiotherapy in the Fight against Cancer © GSI-Tumortherapie GSI-Tumortherapie GSI is the birthplace of a new form of cancer treatment. This development was the result of many years of research

the carbon ions damage cells very effectively at their full penetration depth within the body. In protons and lighter ions the increase in biological effectiveness is small. In heavier ions it occurs too [...] tumor. Another advantage of using carbon ions is that lateral scattering in the body is much less than with protons and lighter ions. As a result, carbon ions are better suited for irradiating deep-seated [...] in the tumor can be optimized by selecting the appropriate kind of ions. Many years of research at GSI have established that carbon ions are best. The maximum biological effect coincides exactly with the